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What is Infinite Vue? ​

ivue
 is ​

an OOP Reactivity System for Vue 3
Simple like Options API
Flexible like Composition API
Extensible like TypeScript Class API
Robust, Minimal, Opaque & Powerful
100% VSCode / Intellij IDE Support
100% Vue 3 Compatible
100% Test Covered
100% Type Safe
Production Ready
Just 1.1kb gzipped!
Zero dependencies, only Vue 3 needed!

ivue gives you class based reactivity with encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism of JavaScript Classes.

ivue mitigates the downsides of Composition API, Options API and Native Class API.

ivue works with Vue 3 Composition API composables, including VueUse or any composable implementations.

ivue omits implementing IOC Container, Decorators, Mixins, etc. by design to keep it lean and maintainable.

ivue enforces a sane default standard of operation to contain the ever flexible Class API.

ivue uses cutting edge TypeScript to unwrap Vue 3 Refs, infer Class constructor arguments, infer unwrapped Composable return types making Object Oriented DX Experience with Vue 3 simple.

The Problem ​

With the development of React hooks and Vue following in its footsteps with introduction of Vue 3 Composition API, the ecosystem has moved away from Options API.

While providing greater flexibility and composability the Composition API has its own downsides, one of them is having to use .value to refer to the reactive variables which makes the development process more clunky when the App or a certain Vue component reaches a certain size.

As you may know, reactvity-transform macros were an attempt to mitigate issues relating to .value, which turned out to create even more issues, and was discontinued.

See VueJs.org – Reactivity Transform.

OOP and Class Based Reactivity in the Ecosystem ​

Class-based architectures in JavaScript, especially in earlier versions of React and Vue, became problematic due to issues with state management, lifecycle methods, and context binding (this). The community moved toward functional programming to reduce these complexities.

However, object-oriented programming (OOP) still offers advantages, such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, which are appealing in large-scale applications. The challenge has always been how to leverage these strengths without incurring the issues mentioned above.

ivue
 is different ​

∞  ivue does NOT inherit from a base Class.
∞  ivue does NOT use Decorators to achieve its objectives.
∞  ivue does NOT alter Vue 3 underlying behavior, but relies on it.
∞  ivue does NOT behave like Class Components, though you can build components with it.

IVUE IMPLEMENTS MINIMAL API ARCHITECTURE

Things like IOC Container, Decorators, Traits, Mixins, etc. were omitted by design to slim down the surface area and scope of ivue core purpose, which is JavaScript / TypeScript Class API based reactivity. Any Traits, Decorators, Mixins & IOC Container can be built around it using third-party libraries or roll your own systems. You are more than welcome to contribute in this area.

Reactive Class Architecture ​

ivue replicates native JavaScript / TypeScript class implementation by extending descriptors (getters and setters) up the whole ancestors prototype chain thus supporting classical inheritance.

By using TypeScript we are able to infer the arguments of the main ivue() initializer function and pass those arguments to the constructor.

ivue() initializer function returns a reactive() object with getters converted to computeds and adds .toRefs() method to the object, .toRefs() allows the object to be converted to native composable structure, so it can interoperate as a composable if needed.

ivue aims to be opaque and minimal, just doing the minimum to convert a class to a reactive object, leaving the rest to be implemented using Vue 3 Composition API inside an initializer function called .init()

You can read more about ivue internal architecture in How it works? page.

Minimal API Surface Area ​

ivue() initializer function is the main core function to initialize the ivue reactive object
iref() ref initializer instantiates the Ref but Unwraps its type as the raw type of the Ref
iuse() function converts the type of composables to they Unwraped raw types
.init() method helps initialize the reactive state like watch, onMount, etc.
.toRefs() method allows to interoperate with Vue 3 Composables
Utility Types help to achieve the rest of ivue capabilities

Click to see the whole latest ivue source code from github main branch below:
ts
import type { ComputedRef, ExtractPropTypes, Ref, ToRef } from 'vue';
import { computed, markRaw, reactive, ref, shallowRef, toRef } from 'vue';
import type { Ref as DemiRef } from 'vue-demi';

/** Cached global methods. */
const isArray = Array.isArray;
const createObject = Object.create;
const defineProperty = Object.defineProperty;
const getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf;
const getOwnPropertyNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames;
const getOwnPropertyDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
const getOwnPropertyDescriptors = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;


/** Types */
/**
 * IVue core reactive instance type with an extended .toRefs() method added.
 */
export type IVue<T extends AnyClass> = InstanceType<T> & {
  toRefs: IVueToRefsFn<T>;
  clone: IVueClone<T>;
};

/**
 * Type definition for `.clone()` method creates a deep clone of the ivue instance.
 */
export type IVueClone<T extends AnyClass> = (
  ...cloneArgs: CloneArgsFor<InstanceType<T>>
) => IVue<T>;

/**
 * Type definition for `.toRefs()` method converts reactive class properties to composable .value properties.
 * But if props = true OR unwrap = true is specified, the refs will be unwrapped refs to be able to be merged with the the root class properties without losing reactivity.
 */
/** Extract only non-method keys from a type */
type NonMethodKeys<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends AnyFn ? never : K;
}[keyof T];

/** Create a type with only data properties and accessors */
type DataProperties<T> = Pick<T, NonMethodKeys<T>>;

/**
 * Simplified IVueToRefsFn that only works with data properties
 */
interface IVueToRefsFn<T extends AnyClass> {
  <P extends keyof IVueRefs<InstanceType<T>>>(props: P[]): Pick<
    IVueRefs<InstanceType<T>>,
    P
  >;

  <P extends keyof IVueRefs<InstanceType<T>>>(props: P[], unwrap: false): Pick<
    IVueRefs<InstanceType<T>>,
    P
  >;

  <P extends keyof DataProperties<InstanceType<T>>>(
    props: P[],
    unwrap: true
  ): Pick<DataProperties<InstanceType<T>>, P>;

  (props: true): DataProperties<InstanceType<T>>;
  (props: false): IVueRefs<InstanceType<T>>;
  (): IVueRefs<InstanceType<T>>;
}

/**
 * Converts a class properties to a composable .value Refs using ToRef vue type,
 * also knows NOT to convert functions to .value Refs but to leave them as is.
 */
export type IVueRefs<T> = {
  [K in keyof T as T[K] extends AnyFn ? never : K]: ToRef<T[K]>;
};

/**
 * Unwraps Ref Recursively, helps resolve fully the bare value types of any type T
 * because sometimes the Refs are returned as they are with `.value` from computeds,
 * thus inferring nested ComputedRef<ComputedRef<ComputedRef<Ref>>> types, which
 * are difficult to fully resolve to bare values without this utility.
 * Also support Vue 3 Demi for vue-use library support.
 */
type UnwrapRefRecursively<T = any> = T extends Ref | DemiRef
  ? UnwrapRefRecursively<T['value']>
  : T;

/**
 * Helper type for Use type, unwraps any type of Vue 3 composable return object down to its bare types.
 */
type UnwrapComposableRefs<T> = T extends Ref | DemiRef
  ? UnwrapRefRecursively<T>
  : {
      [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends Ref | DemiRef
        ? UnwrapRefRecursively<T[K]>
        : T[K];
    };

/**
 * Fully unwraps to bare value types any Vue 3 composable return definition type.
 */
export type Use<T = any> = T extends Ref | DemiRef
  ? UnwrapRefRecursively<T>
  : UnwrapComposableRefs<T extends AnyFn ? ReturnType<T> : T>;

/**
 * Extracts object defined emit types by converting them to a plain interface.
 */
export type ExtractEmitTypes<T extends Record<string, any>> =
  UnionToIntersection<
    RecordToUnion<{
      [K in keyof T]: (evt: K, ...args: Parameters<T[K]>) => void;
    }>
  >;

/**
 * Extract properties as all assigned properties because they have defaults.
 */
export type ExtractPropDefaultTypes<O> = {
  [K in keyof O]: ValueOf<ExtractPropTypes<O>, K>;
};

/**
 * Extend slots interface T with prefixed 'before--' & 'after--' slots to create fully extensible flexible slots.
 */
export type ExtendSlots<T> = PrefixKeys<T, 'before--'> &
  T &
  PrefixKeys<T, 'after--'>;

/** Helper Types. */
/**
 * Any JavaScript function of any type.
 */
export type AnyFn = (...args: any[]) => any;

/**
 * Any JavaScript class of any type.
 */
export type AnyClass = new (...args: any[]) => any;

/**
 * Accessors map type.
 */
type Accessors = Map<string, PropertyDescriptor>;

/**
 * Computeds hash map type.
 */
type Computeds = Record<string, ComputedRef>;

/**
 * Infer paramaters of a constructor function of a Class.
 */
export type InferredArgs<T> = T extends { new (...args: infer P): any }
  ? P
  : never[];

/**
 * Prefix keys of an interface T with a prefix P.
 */
export type PrefixKeys<T, P extends string | undefined = undefined> = {
  [K in Extract<keyof T, string> as P extends string ? `${P}${K}` : K]: T[K];
};

/**
 * Get function arguments Parmeters<F> parameter by key K
 */
export type FnParameter<F extends AnyFn, K extends number> = Parameters<F>[K];

/**
 * Convert Union Type to Intersection Type.
 */
type UnionToIntersection<U> = (U extends any ? (k: U) => void : never) extends (
  k: infer I
) => void
  ? I
  : never;

/**
 * Convert Record to Union Type.
 */
type RecordToUnion<T extends Record<string, any>> = T[keyof T];

/**
 * Gets object T property by key [K].
 */
type ValueOf<T extends Record<any, any>, K> = T[K];

/**
 * Props Map Value type.
 */
type PropsMapValue = {
  allProps: Map<string, PropKind>;
  onlyProps: Set<string>;
};

/**
 * Accessors and Methods map type.
 */
type AccessorsMethodsMap = {
  accessors: Accessors;
  methods: Set<string>;
};

export type IVueInstanceBase = {
  init?: (...args: any[]) => void;
};

/**
 * IVue static configuration interface.
 */
export interface IVueStaticConfig<T> {
  ivueGlobalStore?: boolean;
  ivueCloneByReference?: Set<keyof T>;
  ivueDisableReactivity?: Set<keyof T>;
}

/**
 * IVue constructor type.
 */
export type IVueConstructor<T> = new (...args: any[]) => T;

/**
 * IVue class type with static configuration.
 */
export type IVueClass<T> = IVueConstructor<T> & IVueStaticConfig<T>;

/**
 * Get IVue init() method arguments IVueInitArgs<T>
 */
export type IVueInitArgs<T extends IVueInstanceBase> = T['init'] extends (
  ...args: any[]
) => any
  ? Parameters<T['init']>
  : never;

/**
 * Get Interface's method keys MethodKeys<T>
 */
type MethodKeys<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]: T[P] extends (...args: any[]) => any ? P : never;
}[keyof T];

/**
 * Get Interface's property's function arguments Parameters<F>
 */
export type IFnParameters<
  T extends Record<any, any> | InstanceType<AnyClass>,
  K extends MethodKeys<T>
> = Parameters<Extract<Required<Pick<T, K>>[K], AnyFn>>;

/**
 * Get Interface's [T] property's [P] function arguments Parmeters<F> parameter by key [K]
 */
export type IFnParameter<
  T extends Record<any, any>,
  P extends keyof T,
  K extends number
> = FnParameter<ValueOf<T, P>, K>;

export type IVueDeepCloneArgsMap = Map<AnyClass, any[]>;

type CloneArgsFor<T> = T extends {
  init: (isClone: boolean, ...rest: infer A) => any;
}
  ? A
  : [];
/** Types End. */

export const IVUE_INSTANCE_SYMBOL = Symbol('IVUE_INSTANCE');

/**
 * Stores accessors for each class prototype processed by
 * @see {getClassAccessorsMethodsMap}. Uses WeakMap to allow garbage collection
 * of unused class accessors, ensuring memory efficiency in long-running applications.
 */
export let accessorsMethodsMaps = new WeakMap<object, AccessorsMethodsMap>();

/**
 * Get accessors of an entire class prototype ancestors chain as a Map.
 * Completely emulates JavaScript class inheritance chain for getters and setters.
 *
 * @param className
 * @return {AccessorsMethodsMap}
 */
const getClassAccessorsMethodsMap = (
  className: AnyClass
): AccessorsMethodsMap => {
  if (accessorsMethodsMaps.has(className)) {
    return accessorsMethodsMaps.get(className) as AccessorsMethodsMap;
  }

  const savedAccessors: Accessors = new Map();
  const savedMethods: Set<string> = new Set();

  let prototype = className.prototype;
  while (prototype && prototype !== Object.prototype) {
    const accessors = getOwnPropertyDescriptors(prototype);
    for (const propertyName in accessors) {
      if (propertyName === 'constructor') continue;
      const descriptor = accessors[propertyName];
      if (descriptor.get || descriptor.set) {
        // Only add if it hasn't been defined yet (i.e. subclass overrides win)
        if (!savedAccessors.has(propertyName)) {
          savedAccessors.set(propertyName, descriptor);
        }
      } else if (typeof descriptor.value === 'function') {
        savedMethods.add(propertyName);
      }
    }
    prototype = getPrototypeOf(prototype);
  }

  const propertyMap = {
    accessors: savedAccessors,
    methods: savedMethods,
  };
  accessorsMethodsMaps.set(className, propertyMap);

  return propertyMap;
};

/**
 * Property kind enum for distinguishing between data properties and accessors.
 */
const enum PropKind {
  Data = 0,
  Accessor = 2,
}

/**
 * Stores properties for each class prototype processed by
 * @see {getClassPropertiesAccessorsMap}. Uses WeakMap to allow garbage collection
 * of unused class properties, ensuring memory efficiency in long-running applications.
 */
export let propertiesAccessorsMaps: WeakMap<object, PropsMapValue> =
  new WeakMap();

/**
 * 'caller', 'callee', 'arguments', 'constructor' are
 * special object properties, so should be skipped.
 * Also skip 'toRefs' as it's added by ivue and not part of the class itself.
 */
const skipProps = new Set(['caller', 'callee', 'arguments', 'constructor']);

/**
 * Get properties of an entire class prototype ancestors chain as a Map.
 */
const getClassPropertiesAccessorsMap = (obj: object): PropsMapValue => {
  const constructor = obj.constructor;
  /* Retrieve props from cache. */
  if (propertiesAccessorsMaps.has(constructor)) {
    return propertiesAccessorsMaps.get(constructor) as PropsMapValue;
  }

  const { accessors, methods } =
    accessorsMethodsMaps.get(constructor) ??
    getClassAccessorsMethodsMap(constructor as AnyClass);

  const onlyProps = new Set<string>();
  const allProps: Map<string, PropKind> = new Map();

  do {
    const propertyNames = getOwnPropertyNames(obj);
    for (let i = 0, j = propertyNames.length; i < j; i++) {
      const property = propertyNames[i];

      if (skipProps.has(property)) continue; // Skip special properties
      if (allProps.has(property)) continue; // Already defined in subclass, skip it

      if (accessors.has(property)) {
        allProps.set(property, PropKind.Accessor);
      } else if (!methods.has(property)) {
        onlyProps.add(property);
        allProps.set(property, PropKind.Data);
      }
    }

    obj = getPrototypeOf(obj);
  } while (obj && obj.constructor !== Object);

  const result = { allProps, onlyProps };
  propertiesAccessorsMaps.set(constructor, result);

  return result;
};

/**
 * Infinite Vue (ivue) class reactive initializer.
 *
 * Converts class instance to a reactive object,
 * where accessors are converted to computeds.
 *
 * You can turn off computed behaviour by adding static
 * ivue object and setting the getter props to false.
 * class ClassName {
 *    static ivue = {
 *      getter: false
 *    }
 *    // .getter -> will be a standard JS non-computed getter
 *    get getter () { return 'hello world'; }
 * }
 *
 * @param className Any Class
 * @param args Class constructor arguments that you would pass to a `new AnyClass(args...)`
 * @returns {IVue<T>}
 */
export const ivue = <T extends AnyClass>(
  className: T,
  ...args: InferredArgs<T>
): IVue<T> => {
  const { accessors, methods } = getClassAccessorsMethodsMap(className);
  const computeds: Computeds | any = accessors?.size
    ? createObject(null)
    : null;

  /** Create a reactive instance of the class. */
  const vue = reactive(new className(...args));

  /** Setup accessors as computeds. */
  for (const [prop, descriptor] of accessors) {
    /** Convert descriptor to computed. */
    defineProperty(vue, prop, {
      get: () =>
        computeds[prop] ??
        (computeds[prop] = computed({
          get: descriptor.get?.bind(vue) as unknown,
          set: descriptor.set?.bind(vue),
        } as any)) /** Create the computed and return it, because we are in reactive scope, .value will auto unwrap itself. */,
      enumerable: descriptor.enumerable,
      configurable: descriptor.configurable,
    });
  }

  /** Disable reactivity for specified properties. */
  const nonReactiveProps = (className as any)?.ivueDisableReactivity;
  if (nonReactiveProps) {
    for (const prop of nonReactiveProps) {
      const descriptor = accessors.get(prop);
      if (descriptor) {
        defineProperty(vue, prop, {
          get: descriptor.get?.bind(vue),
          set: descriptor.set?.bind(vue),
          enumerable: descriptor.enumerable,
          configurable: descriptor.configurable,
        });
      } else {
        console.log('des  criptor', prop, descriptor);
        vue[prop] = markRaw(vue[prop]);
      }
    }
  }

  // In ivue(), for method binding:
  const methodDescriptor: PropertyDescriptor = {
    writable: true,
    configurable: true,
    enumerable: false,
  };
  /** Bind all methods to the vue instance. */
  for (const methodName of methods) {
    methodDescriptor.value = vue[methodName].bind(vue);
    defineProperty(vue, methodName, methodDescriptor);
  }

  /** Define .toRefs() method on the vue instance. */
  defineProperty(vue, 'toRefs', {
    get: (() => {
      /** Lazy loaded toRefs function cache. */
      let toRefsFn: IVueToRefsFn<T> | null = null;
      return () =>
        toRefsFn ?? (toRefsFn = ivueToRefs(vue, accessors, computeds));
    })(),
    enumerable: false,
  });

  /** Define .clone() method on the vue instance. */
  defineProperty(vue, 'clone', {
    value: (...cloneArgs: CloneArgsFor<InstanceType<T>>) =>
      ivueClone(className, args, vue, accessors, methods, cloneArgs),
    enumerable: false,
  });

  /** Mark as ivue instance */
  defineProperty(vue, IVUE_INSTANCE_SYMBOL, {
    value: true,
    enumerable: false,
    configurable: false,
    writable: false,
  });

  /** Run ivue .init() initializer method, if it exists in the class. */
  vue?.init?.(false);

  return vue;
};

const ivueClone = <T extends AnyClass>(
  className: T,
  args: InferredArgs<T>,
  vueSrc: IVue<T>,
  accessors: Accessors,
  methods: Set<string>,
  cloneArgs: CloneArgsFor<InstanceType<T>> = [] as CloneArgsFor<InstanceType<T>>
): IVue<T> => {
  const computeds: Computeds | any = accessors?.size
    ? createObject(null)
    : null;

  /** Create a reactive instance of the class. */
  const vue = reactive(new className(...args));
  const { onlyProps } = getClassPropertiesAccessorsMap(vue);

  /** Clone properties. */
  const cloneByRef = (className as any).ivueCloneByReference;
  const deepCloneArgs = activeDeepCloneArgsMap.get(className);

  if (cloneByRef) {
    for (const prop of onlyProps) {
      vue[prop] = cloneByRef.has(prop)
        ? vueSrc[prop]
        : deepClone(vueSrc[prop], deepCloneArgs);
    }
  } else {
    for (const prop of onlyProps) {
      vue[prop] = deepClone(vueSrc[prop], deepCloneArgs);
    }
  }

  /** Setup accessors as computeds. */
  for (const [prop, descriptor] of accessors) {
    /** Convert descriptor to computed. */
    defineProperty(vue, prop, {
      get: () =>
        computeds[prop] ??
        (computeds[prop] = computed({
          get: descriptor.get?.bind(vue) as unknown,
          set: descriptor.set?.bind(vue),
        } as any)) /** Create the computed and return it, because we are in reactive scope, .value will auto unwrap itself. */,
      enumerable: descriptor.enumerable,
      configurable: descriptor.configurable,
    });
  }

  /** Disable reactivity for specified properties. */
  const nonReactiveProps = (className as any)?.ivueDisableReactivity;
  if (nonReactiveProps) {
    for (const prop of nonReactiveProps) {
      const descriptor = accessors.get(prop);
      if (descriptor) {
        defineProperty(vue, prop, {
          get: descriptor.get?.bind(vue),
          set: descriptor.set?.bind(vue),
          enumerable: descriptor.enumerable,
          configurable: descriptor.configurable,
        });
      } else {
        vue[prop] = markRaw(vue[prop]);
      }
    }
  }

  /** Bind all methods to the vue instance. */
  const methodDescriptor: PropertyDescriptor = {
    writable: true,
    configurable: true,
    enumerable: false,
  };
  for (const methodName of methods) {
    methodDescriptor.value = vue[methodName].bind(vue);
    defineProperty(vue, methodName, methodDescriptor);
  }

  /** Define .toRefs() method on the vue instance. */
  defineProperty(vue, 'toRefs', {
    get: (() => {
      /** Lazy loaded toRefs function cache. */
      let toRefsFn: IVueToRefsFn<T> | null = null;
      return () =>
        toRefsFn ?? (toRefsFn = ivueToRefs(vue, accessors, computeds));
    })(),
    enumerable: false,
  });

  /** Define .clone() method on the vue instance. */
  defineProperty(vue, 'clone', {
    value: (...cloneArgs: CloneArgsFor<InstanceType<T>>) =>
      ivueClone(className, args, vue, accessors, methods, cloneArgs),
    enumerable: false,
  });

  /** Mark as ivue instance */
  defineProperty(vue, IVUE_INSTANCE_SYMBOL, {
    value: true,
    enumerable: false,
    configurable: false,
    writable: false,
  });

  /** Run ivue .init() initializer method, if it exists in the class. */
  vue?.init?.(true, ...cloneArgs);

  return vue;
};

/**
 * `iref()` is an alias for Vue ref() function but returns an unwrapped type without the .value
 * `iref()` does not alter the behavior of ref(), but simply transforms the type to an unwrapped raw value.
 * @param val T
 * @returns {T} Ref but with type unwrapped
 */
export const iref = ref as <T = any>(value?: T) => T;

/**
 * `ishallowRef()` is an alias for Vue shallowRef() function but returns an unwrapped type without the .value
 * `ishallowRef()` does not alter the behavior of shallowRef(), but simply transforms the type to an unwrapped raw value.
 * @param val T
 * @returns {T} ShallowRef but with type unwrapped
 */
export const ishallowRef = shallowRef as <T = any>(value?: T) => T;

/**
 * `iuse()` is a helper function that unwraps any Vue 3 composable return type down to its bare types.
 *
 * It does not alter the behavior of the composable, but simply transforms the type to an unwrapped raw value.
 *
 * @param obj Any Vue 3 composable return type or any object or any type
 * @returns {Use<T>} Composable with types unwrapped
 */
export const iuse = <T extends object>(obj: T): Use<T> =>
  obj as unknown as Use<T>; /** Unwrap any other Object or any type down to its bare types. */

/**
 * Convert reactive ivue class to Vue 3 refs.
 *
 * @param vue @see IVue
 * @param accessors @see Accessors
 * @param computeds @see Computeds
 * @returns {ExtendWithToRefs<T>['toRefs']}
 */
const ivueToRefs = <T extends AnyClass>(
  vue: IVue<T>,
  accessors: Accessors,
  computeds: Computeds
): IVueToRefsFn<T> => {
  /** Caches for toRefs function */
  /** Cached accessor function */
  const getAccessor = accessors.get.bind(accessors);
  /** Get all class properties */
  const { allProps } = getClassPropertiesAccessorsMap(vue);
  /** The actual toRefs function returned. */
  return function (
    props: (string & keyof InstanceType<T>)[] | boolean = false,
    unwrap?: boolean /** This property helps with TypeScript function definition overloading of return types and is not being used inside the function itself. */
  ): any /** @see {ReturnType<IVueToRefsFn<T>>} */ {
    /** Resulting refs store. */
    const result: Record<string, any> = {};

    /** Convert all props to refs and leave functions as is. */
    if (isArray(props)) {
      for (const prop of props) {
        const kind = allProps.get(prop);
        resolveIvueToRefs(result, prop, kind, vue, getAccessor, computeds);
      }
    } else {
      for (const [prop, kind] of allProps.entries()) {
        resolveIvueToRefs(result, prop, kind, vue, getAccessor, computeds);
      }
    }

    return result as any; /** @see {ReturnType<IVueToRefsFn<T>>} */
  };
};

/**
 * Resolve property to ref, method or computed and assign it to result.
 * @private
 */
const resolveIvueToRefs = (
  result: Record<string, any>,
  prop: string,
  kind: PropKind | undefined,
  vue: IVue<any>,
  getAccessor: Accessors['get'],
  computeds: Record<string, ComputedRef<any>>
): void => {
  if (kind === PropKind.Accessor) {
    const descriptor = getAccessor(prop) as PropertyDescriptor;
    result[prop] =
      computeds[prop] ??
      (computeds[prop] = computed({
        get: descriptor.get?.bind(vue) as unknown,
        set: descriptor.set?.bind(vue),
      } as any));
  } else if (kind === PropKind.Data) {
    result[prop] = toRef(vue, prop);
  }
};

/**
 * Vue props interface in defineComponent() style.
 */
export type VuePropsObject = Record<
  string,
  { type: any; default?: any; required?: boolean }
>;

/**
 * Vue Props with default properties declared as existing and having values.
 */
export type VuePropsWithDefaults<T extends VuePropsObject> = {
  [K in keyof T]: {
    type: T[K]['type'];
    default: T[K]['default'];
    required?: boolean;
  };
};

/**
 * Determines if the value is a JavaScript Class.
 * Note that class is a class function in JavaScript.
 *
 * @param val Any value
 * @returns boolean If it's a JavaScript Class returns true
 */
export const isClass = (val: any): boolean => {
  if (typeof val !== 'function') return false; // Not a function, so not a class function either

  if (!val.prototype) return false; // Arrow function, so not a class

  // Finally -> distinguish between a normal function and a class function
  if (getOwnPropertyDescriptor(val, 'prototype')?.writable) {
    // Has writable prototype
    return false; // Normal function
  } else {
    return true; // Class -> Not a function
  }
};

/**
 * Creates props with defaults in defineComponent() style.
 *
 * Merge defaults regular object with Vue types object
 * declared in defineComponent() style.
 *
 * This is made so that the defaults can be declared "as they are"
 * without requiring objects to be function callbacks returning an object.
 *
 * // You don't need to wrap objects in () => ({ nest: { nest :{} } })
 * // You can just delcare them normally.
 * const defaults = {
 *    nest: {
 *      nest
 *    }
 * }
 *
 * This function will create the Vue expected callbacks for Objects, Arrays & Classes
 * but leave primitive properties and functions intact so that
 * the final object is fully defineComponent() style compatible.
 *
 * @param defaults Regular object of default key -> values
 * @param typedProps Props declared in defineComponent() style with type and possibly required declared, but without default
 * @returns Props declared in defineComponent() style with all properties having default property declared.
 */
export const propsWithDefaults = <T extends VuePropsObject>(
  defaults: Record<string, any>,
  typedProps: T,
  deepCloneArgs: IVueDeepCloneArgsMap | undefined = undefined
): VuePropsWithDefaults<T> => {
  for (const prop in typedProps) {
    const def = defaults?.[prop];
    const typed = typedProps[prop];

    /** Skip if prop is required — Vue will enforce it at runtime */
    if (typed.required) continue;

    /** Skip if default is undefined */
    if (def === undefined) continue;

    if (typeof def === 'object' && def !== null) {
      /** Handle Arrays & Objects -> wrap them with an arrow function. */
      typedProps[prop].default = () => deepClone(def, deepCloneArgs);
    } else {
      if (isClass(def)) {
        /** Handle JavaScript Classes -> wrap them with an arrow function */
        typedProps[prop].default = () => def;
      } else {
        /** Handle JavaScript Function And All primitive properties -> output directly */
        typedProps[prop].default = def;
      }
    }
  }
  return typedProps as VuePropsWithDefaults<T>;
};

/**
 * Copies own properties (including symbols and non-enumerable) from source to target.
 * Recursively deep clones values, but preserves getters/setters as-is.
 */
export const copyOwnProps = (
  source: any,
  target: any,
  deepCloneArgs: IVueDeepCloneArgsMap | undefined,
  seen: WeakMap<object, any>
) => {
  // 1. Get all descriptors (String keys AND Symbol keys)
  const descriptors = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(source);

  // 2. Iterate over all keys returned by Reflect (safety for Proxies/Environments)
  for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(descriptors)) {
    const desc = descriptors[key as any];

    // 3. If it is a data descriptor (has a value), we must deep clone the value.
    //    We do NOT clone getters/setters (we copy the function reference).
    if ('value' in desc) {
      desc.value = deepClone(desc.value, deepCloneArgs, seen);
    }

    // 4. Define on target
    Object.defineProperty(target, key, desc);
  }
};

export let activeDeepCloneArgsMap = new WeakMap<
  AnyClass,
  IVueDeepCloneArgsMap
>();

export const deepClone = (
  source: any,
  deepCloneArgs?: IVueDeepCloneArgsMap,
  seen: WeakMap<object, any> = new WeakMap()
): any => {
  // --- TIER 1: The "Every Call" Checks (Fastest) ---
  if (source == null || typeof source !== 'object') return source;
  if (seen.has(source)) return seen.get(source);

  // --- TIER 2: The "Hottest" Collection (Arrays) ---
  if (isArray(source)) {
    const len = source.length;
    const out = new Array(len);
    seen.set(source, out);
    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      out[i] = deepClone(source[i], deepCloneArgs, seen);
    }
    return out;
  }

  // --- TIER 3: The "Hottest" Objects (Plain Objects) ---
  const prototype = getPrototypeOf(source);
  if (prototype === Object.prototype || prototype === null) {
    const out = createObject(prototype);
    seen.set(source, out);
    copyOwnProps(source, out, deepCloneArgs, seen);
    return out;
  }

  // --- TIER 4: IVue Special Logic (Your Framework) ---
  // Checked here because it's specific to your domain
  if (source[IVUE_INSTANCE_SYMBOL]) {
    const srcClass = source.constructor as IVueClass<any>;
    if (srcClass.ivueGlobalStore) {
      seen.set(source, source);
      return source;
    }
    let out;
    if (deepCloneArgs?.has(srcClass)) {
      activeDeepCloneArgsMap.set(srcClass, deepCloneArgs);
      try {
        out = source.clone(...(deepCloneArgs.get(srcClass) ?? []));
      } finally {
        activeDeepCloneArgsMap.delete(srcClass);
      }
    } else {
      out = source.clone();
    }
    seen.set(source, out);
    return out;
  }

  // --- TIER 5: Common Built-ins (Sorted by Likelihood) ---
  // instanceof is fast, but order matters slightly for CPU branch prediction
  if (source instanceof Date) {
    return new Date(source.getTime());
  }
  if (source instanceof Map) {
    const out = new (source.constructor as any)();
    seen.set(source, out);
    for (const [k, v] of source) {
      out.set(
        deepClone(k, deepCloneArgs, seen),
        deepClone(v, deepCloneArgs, seen)
      );
    }
    return out;
  }
  if (source instanceof Set) {
    const out = new (source.constructor as any)();
    seen.set(source, out);
    for (const v of source) {
      out.add(deepClone(v, deepCloneArgs, seen));
    }
    return out;
  }

  // --- TIER 6: Rare / Heavy Objects (The "Slow" Tail) ---
  if (source instanceof RegExp) {
    const out = new RegExp(source.source, source.flags);
    out.lastIndex = source.lastIndex;
    return out;
  }
  if (source instanceof Error) {
    const out = new (source.constructor as any)(source.message);
    seen.set(source, out);
    copyOwnProps(source, out, deepCloneArgs, seen);
    return out;
  }
  if (
    source instanceof Promise ||
    source instanceof WeakMap ||
    source instanceof WeakSet
  ) {
    seen.set(source, source);
    return source;
  }
  if (source instanceof DataView) {
    // Clone the underlying buffer to ensure deep copy
    const out = new DataView(
      source.buffer.slice(0),
      source.byteOffset,
      source.byteLength
    );
    seen.set(source, out);
    return out;
  }
  // Binary data (less common in UI state, but supported)
  if (ArrayBuffer.isView(source) && !(source instanceof DataView)) {
    const out = new (source.constructor as any)(source);
    seen.set(source, out);
    return out;
  }
  if (source instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
    const out = source.slice(0);
    seen.set(source, out);
    return out;
  }

  // --- TIER 7: Final Fallback (Custom User Classes) ---
  // If it's a class instance not handled above
  const out = createObject(prototype);
  seen.set(source, out);
  copyOwnProps(source, out, deepCloneArgs, seen);
  return out;
};

/**
 * Clears the accessorsMethodsMaps, and propertiesAccessorsMaps WeakMaps.
 * Useful for SSR scenarios where you want to reset the cache between requests.
 * Also useful for testing purposes to ensure a clean state.
 */
export const clearCache = () => {
  accessorsMethodsMaps = new WeakMap();
  propertiesAccessorsMaps = new WeakMap();
  activeDeepCloneArgsMap = new WeakMap();
};

/** Exported for testing purposes. */
export const __test__ = {
  copyOwnProps,
  getClassAccessorsMethodsMap,
  getClassPropertiesAccessorsMap,
};

/** Necessary ivue.ts to be treated as a module. */
export {};

Or See on GitHub

100% Vue 3 Compatible ​

.toRefs() allows the object to be converted to Vue 3 native composable structure with full .value, so it can interoperate with native composables if needed. .toRefs() is also often used to get refs for v-bind() in css styles.

100% TypeScript Support ​

ivue is on the cutting edge of TypeScript and owes its capabilities to the latest developments in TypeScript.

ivue provides a set of utility types to make working with Vue 3 even easier and more scalable.

100% Test Coverage ​

At the current stage all of the code that is used to build ivue is 100% tested with 100% coverage, and aims to keep being at 100% always.

You can clone the project and run yarn test yourself and examine the tests.

Zero Dependencies ​

ivue has zero dependencies except Vue 3.

When to use Infinite Vue? ​

When the complexity of your app or components becomes very high using ivue can become a natural choice to deal with that complexity. Because .value is abstracted away in ivue, everything is simply a reactive object of Refs.